Research Opps :: Research Topics :: Facilities :: Collaborative Opportunities
Research Opportunities
Many opportunities exist for Undergraduate students in Environmental
Science, Earth and Planetary Sciences and Environmental Engineering
to perform Honor's thesis research in the Biometeorology Lab.
Opportunities also exist for Math, Physics and Computer Science
Students interested in data processing, data acquisition, instrument
development and environmental measurements. Please Contact Prof.
Baldocchi if interested.
Berkeley also has several competitive Postdoctoral programs to
consider for those interested in working in the Biomet lab:
S.V
Ciracy-Wantrup Postdoctoral Fellowship
Research Topics and Questions for Potential Graduate
Students
(updated March 2005)
The field of biometeorology in its broadest context, is associated
with the study of interactions between the physical environment and
all of Life's forms, including terrestrial and marine vertebrates,
invertebrates, plants, funghi and bacteria. We focus our study of
the biometeorology on a subset of this list--microbes, vegetation and
ecosystems. A more apt name for this academic grouping is "canopy
micrometeorology", a discipline that examines the interaction
between vegetation, the soil and weather. By nature, this topic is
multi-disciplinary. It uses information from the fields of
environmental physics, environmental biology, eco-physiology,
biogeography, ecology, biogeochemistry, soil and atmospheric
sciences, atmospheric chemistry, hydrology and botany. An
alternative name for this discipline could be
bio-geo-physio-chemistry.
We view biometeorology as playing a crucial role at the
intersection among environmental physics, plant ecology and
biogeochemistry. Environmental disciplines that need or use
biometeorological and bioclimatic information or that contribute to
the development of these fields include: micrometeorology,
agricultural meteorology, forest meteorology, physical ecology,
environmental science, fluid mechanics, radiative transfer, plant
physiology, atmospheric chemistry, biogeochemistry, biophysics,
environmental physics, soil physics, hydrology, ecophysiology and microbial ecology.
These cited disciplines need biometeorological data because they
require information on that state of the atmosphere to drive
algorithms that predict rates of reactions, processes and rates of
change. One also needs to recognize that the state of the
atmosphere is not independent of the status of the underlying
vegetation. Vegetation has a feedback role on the atmosphere by the state of its albedo, surface resistance, leaf area index and aerodynamic roughness. Hence, we need to study biosphere-atmosphere
interactions if we expect to quantify the state of the atmosphere
correctly and understand how it evolves with time and varies in
space.
The space scales of interest range from the dimension of leaves through the canopy, depth of the planetary boundary layer and horizontal dimension of the landscape. The time scales of interest range from fractions of seconds, through hours, days, seasons, years and upt to decades. Through these scales we are able to investigate many issues of biocomplexity, including the roles of non-linear responses of the the soil and plants to perturbations in biophysical forcings and the roles of pulses, lags and switches.
Below is a list of potential research topics or questions that
could be addressed through association with this lab, as a graduate
student, postdoctoral fellow or visiting researcher:
Theme 1: Mass and Energy Exchange of Plant Canopies
1. Measuring and modeling carbon dioxide, water vapor, energy fluxes
of across vegetation/atmosphere interface.
Research involves on this topic requires the scaling or integration of
biometeorological information from the scales of cells and leaves to the
dimension of plant canopies and landscapes. Research involves an
investigation of underlying biophysical processes that control mass and
energy exchange between the atmosphere and biosphere and how these
fluxes and their controlling variables vary in time and space.
Ecosystems of interest to participants in this lab span across the
globe from the Mediterranean and Boreal zone. At present our research
group is focusing on an oak/grass savanna and a grazed rangeland
ecosystem. But ecosystems of interest encompass chaparral, boreal
and temperate conifer forests, temperate deciduous forests, crop,
through our participation and leadership of the FLUXNET project.. There is also potential to use the
nearby Sierra Nevada Mountains and Central Valley Delta to study
wetlands and alpine meadows, orchard and vineyard ecosystems.
Most soil/plant/atmosphere mass and energy exchange models are
steady-state. Yet we know that the wind, temperature and light
environment and the biological state of the vegetation and soil are highly dynamic. New areas of inquiry are moving towards investigation of the roles of switches, pulses and lags on biosphere-atmosphere trace gases exchange. Studies can be developed to
investigate what is the role of wind and light dynamics on canopy
energy balance/photosynthesis system? How do wind gusts affect light
penetration and mass and energy fluxes? Others can address how do rain pulses alter microbial activity and CO2 production? Developing a dynamic leaf
energy balance and incorporating it into a canopy scale mass and energy
exchange model is a plausible project.
Water is a limiting factor to the functionality of Californian
ecosystems. Improvements are needed with regard towards the simulating
stomatal conductance and canopy mass and energy fluxes of canopies
experiencing soil moisture deficits. We'd also like to examine the
interactions between oak tree density, precipitation input and
evaporation using our field biometeorology sites and the UC Experiment
Stations at Hopland, Hastings and Sierra field station. There is also
potential to evaluation carbon balance of oaks on rough topography by
linking estimates of water use efficiency and sap flow measurements of
transpiration.
The CANVEG model is our working paradigm and has the potential to compute fluxes of carbon dioxide, 13CO2, water vapor, energy, isoprene, ozone and SO2. Tested and validated models can be used to ask environmental questions that are difficult to measure in the field. How carbon and water fluxes are partitioned between soil and vegetative compartments and how does flux partitioning vary with functional type, leaf area and seasonis still a new area of research. The CANOAK model needs to expanded to
incorporate biogeochemical modules associated with soil carbon pools,
plant water deficits, and soil moisture transfer. I also envision coupling CANOAK to the higher order closure model of Meyers and Paw U to investigate the role of changing canopy structure on turbulence fields and mass and energy fluxes.
There is need to further investigate the roles of model complexity and
hierarchy as we extend our models from patches and short studies to the
scale of seasons and years. Most models have been developed for closed
canopies and ideal canopies. More work is needed on the modeling and
measurement of mass and energy fluxes over open and heterogeneous
stands of vegetation, which are typical of the California landscape.
Another question that begs asking is how does model complexity
vary with canopy structure. Open canopies are very complex, but they are
mostly sunlit and show lots of soil. There is potential that simple
models may work better than complex ones, for instance. One could use
the AmeriFlux data base to test model complexity across a spectrum of
leaf area indices. One can also use the CANVEG model as a tool to
develop and parameterize simpler models. One approach gaining favor is
the Localized Near Field model of Raupach. There is also need to couple
Eulerian Higher Order Closure models (to compute turbulence and wind
fields in and above vegetation canopies) with Lagrangian random walk
models.
There is also much potential for future field studies to interpret eddy
covariance flux measurements with stable isotopes. Preliminary studies
are underway that use stable isotopes to evaluate fractions of soil
respiration that are attributed to roots and microbes. With such data
in hand, there is the potential to determine Net Primary Productivity
at the stand scale, rather than the measure of Net Ecosystem Exchange
that the eddy covariance system provides.
2. Plant/Atmosphere/Climate Interactions
Opportunities exist to use the International FLUXNET database to
construct climatologies of mass and energy fluxes. Examples of
potential work include an examination of relations between plant
functional activities, climate and physionomy.
Several new and exciting questions that are being raised from
on-going research by the biometeorological community. We observe
that cloudiness enhances the potential for carbon uptake by plants.
There reason is still controverisal, but seems to be linked to
light transmission, leaf energy balance and the distribution of
resources in plants. Recent studies also indicate that plants emit VOCs that produce aerosols that diffuse the light received by the canopy. Further investigation on this phenomenon and
its impact on global and regional scale fluxes is needed.
The transition from winter to spring has major impacts on
biometeorology as there is a step change from a dormant to a
biologically active landscape. We are also experience earlier
springs. What is the impacts of phenology, leaf area, growing season
and latitude on carbon and water vapor budgets of plant stands? What
impact does leaf out have on PBL growth, Bowen ratio, the
generation of convection and rain? These questions are raised as
data shows how cloud, temperature and humidity patterns vary before
and after leaf-out. What impact does this and associated changes in
biosphere-atmosphere exchange of trace gases and energy have on
local, regional and global climate? Obviously, there is need to
develop better phenological models for plant/atmosphere interaction
models.
Our preliminary data suggest that leaf out of deciduous trees is triggered when deep soil temperature matches mean annual air temperature. Does this relationship hold with a larger database and for more functional types? There are also new datasets being developed that take daily pictures of canopy structure. These direct observations of phenology have yet to be used and related to biosphere fluxes.
With our model and measurement facilities, we are able to address
some contemporary ecological questions, too. For instance, how does
elevated biodiversity, CO2 exposure, nutrient status and niche position affect
canopy energy balance, photosynthesis and leaf energy balances? At
the landscape scale one can ask: what are the impacts of grazing,
physiological photosynthetic pathway, land use change,
deforestation, fires, species change, and species diversity on biosphere-atmosphere
interactions?
Work is also expanding into spectral reflectance and linkages with eddy fluxes. Ongoing studies are assessing the seasonal variation of high resolution spectral reflectance from grass and relating it to carbon fluxes and normalized difference vegetation indices produces by the MODIS sensor.
With our interests in water, we are also conducting research in the area of ecohydrology. We are asking questions relating to the role of water balance and soil water capacity on whether a landscape is composed of a woodland or open grassland. Of course other features, such as fire, grazing and disturbance are playing a role.
3. Spatial Scaling and Sub-Grid Variabilty
Fundamental research on flux footprints under oak/grass, orchards and
ponderosa pine systems is needed to understand sub-grid variability and to use eddy covariance measurements to validate coarser scale products derived from remote sensing. . What are the dimensions of flux
footprints and the spatial variability of fluxes under a forest or
orchard system? How different are fluxes of water and carbon under
widely spaced oak trees versus the near by grass system? How do results
from Lagrangian, Large Eddy simulation and higher order closure models
differ in computing turbulence and footprints? What is the role of
source sink partitioning on footprints?
What is the effect of shifting of the wind vector in the canopy affect flux footprints? How representative are tower flux footprints at the scale of MODIS products?
With a validated Flux Footprint model, one can use it to address other
research questions. AmeriFlux research sites span a wide variety of
landscapes, both uniform and mixed and on level and rolling terrain. How
do differences in wind direction affect the annual sums of carbon
dioxide and water vapor fluxes? There is need to develop weighting
schemes for flux integration based on wind direction, footprint
dimensions and vegetation in the footprints. We have also found that
footprint information is needed to address isoprene fluxes from
multi-specied forests. There is potential for using this tool to
address biodiversity questions with micrometeorological tools.
Working with NASA and DOE we have acquired a large selection of IKONOS
images for many AmeriFlux sites to explore footprints across a spectrum
of sites with varying complexity.
We are also doing theoretical work by updating the classic 'Daisyworld' model and incorporating surface energy balance computations to assess a wet-dry 'Daisy-world'. By using this theory in two dimensions we can explore many micrometeorological issues with regards to subgrid parameterization of surface fluxes and meteorological conditions that consist of vegetation in random, clumped and organized patterns. We can also use the model to explore ecological issues about the roles of grass-tree competition and landscape patchiness.
An offshoot of such work could be an examination on the role of
topography, punctuated cloud fields and canopy height on energy balance
closure. This is an important topic as our communtity is unable to
close the energy balance at complex sites within 15 to 20%.
Theme 2: Biometeorology and Biogeochemistry, EcoPhysiology and Ecosystems
Micrometeorological methods can be used to address numerous
questions relating to biogeochemistry. We are able to measure field
scale fluxes, and are there able to address questions relating to
trace gas exchange. One area is associated with carbon
sequestration. We are able to measure how canopy fluxes of carbon.
Using biogeochemical tools such as isotopes we can inquire whether
the carbon is being stored in plants, roots or the soil.
We can collaborate with microbial ecologists and biogeochemists to
ask questions relating to carbon pulses after rain fall. Questions of interest involve how to partition soil respiration into its autotrophic and heterotrophic components? How does soil respiration scale with photosynthesis? Are there lags due to the translocation of photosynthate that is later exudated at the roots and available to microbes? What is the time scale of these lags? Are the pulses a function of the digestability of the carbon, or are different microbial communities responsible for decomposition, and this varies with season and ecosystem?
Isotope biogeochemists treat the canopy as a well stirred box. Yet
we know turbulent transfer in and out of canopies is very
intermittent and that counter-gradient transfer can occur. How does
intermittent turbulence and counter-gradient transfer affect the
interpretation of isotope measurements in forests? There is
potential to link algorithms that compute isotope fluxes with the
CANVEG biometeorological model to investigate these problems.
Being in the Bay Area, we are in close vicinity to the
Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, a large wetland ecosystem. In this
region we can perform reserach on the controls fluxes of carbon
dioxide and methane over wetlands and rice paddies. How do gradients in salinity across the Bay Delta estuary affect methane production? With reclamation of former farmlands in the Delta, will methane fluxes offset CO2 uptake, in regards to greenhouse potential?
One of our long term efforts involve assessing the seasonal varition in photosynthetic capacity of plants. What ecological and climatic factors affect their time course and the maximum value attained? If we invert carbon fluxes at the canopy scale, how does this inferred seasonality of photosynthetic capacity compare with leaf measurements? We also need to assess mesophyll conductance and understand how it affects the interpretation of leaf gas exchange measurements. This work will involve the use of isotopes, leaf flourescence measurements and leaf diffusion modeling.
We are also collaborating with students on the role of biometeorology in explaining the co-existance of native and perennial grasses. Why have annual grasses excluded much of California's native bunch grasses. Can features like albedo, evaporation and water holding capacity explain part of the puzzle?
Theme 3: Canopy Micrometeorology and the Planetary Boundary
Layer
In the area of canopy micrometeorology theoretical and applied
questions exist. One problem plaguing our field is the assessment of
eddy fluxes at night. Much research is needed on the roles of
intermittent turbulence on measuring nocturnal fluxes of carbon
dioxide, trace gases and energy. Are we missing carbon at night due
to violations in the concept of Reynolds averaging, how we measure
the storage term, nocturnal drainage or from storage of CO2 in the
soil air space? What are the roles of instability of turbulence
inside the canopy relative to stability over the canopy at night?
We have several years of data from a temperate forest that would be
a good resource for such an investigation.
The field of measuring fluxes under canopies is still in its
infancy. We know that the turbulence spectra under forests differ
from that above. But how do power and co spectra vary with atmospheric stability, canopy roughness and terrain complexity. As part of the FLUXNET project we compiled over 100,000 of raw turbulence data from a spectrum of sites. We need to continue analyzing these data to get a better understanding of turbulence structure over vegetation. We need to know the consequence on issues such as
spatial separation of instruments, slow sensors. A new set of
transfer functions needs to be developed. What is the proper way to
assess measurements and compute fluxes? What are optimal filtering
time constants, averaging times?
For some trace gases, we still need to rely on flux-gradient
methods. So more work is needed to quantify the Eddy Exchange
enhancement parameter in the roughness sublayer. With a Lagrangian
model and data we can assesses the impact of canopy structure on
evaluating eddy exchange coefficients in the roughness sublayer.
There is much interest in using remote sensing to assess surface
fluxes of heat and energy. We need more studies on longwave energy
emission on theoretical and experimental efforts on the relation
between the aerodynamic versus skin temperature of a deciduous
forest (full leaf/leaf-less). We have data sets from past studies
that can be used for this purpose. Such work can also be linked to
the fields of remote sensing and the interpretation of satellite
derived fluxes.
The majority of wind studies have been conducted over closed
canopies. Savanna systems are open and heterogeneous. What is the
characteristics of wind and turbulence around isolated trees.
Micrometeorologists have spent the last 40 years examining fluxes
over flat surfaces. Yet most natural landscapes are on non-level
terrain. In such situations, advection continues to be a problem
affecting the interpretation of eddy flux measurements. Few
advection models consider the coupled effects of wind flow
distortion, plus alterations in sources and sinks due to soil, water
balance, vegetation state and sun climate. Working in California,
many opportunities exist for measuring and modeling carbon, water
and energy fluxes over complex terrain.
There is a major need to measure and model fluxes over sloping and
complex terrain, over short and tall vegetation. The implications
on carbon and water budgets may be huge, as current data suggests
that drainage flow is causing many FLUXNET sites to miss
respiratory fluxes of carbon. We view this topic as one of growing
importance. It is also a niche that has received little attention,
yet the consequence of work on this topic can be great.
The measurement and modeling of radiative transfer through
vegetation is a major component of any biometeorological exercise.
Most native stands seem to have clumped foliage. There is need to
study ways to quantify clumping across a gradient of plant
functional types. Also there is need to assess the impact of
considering or ignoring clumping on the modeling of fluxes. (most
landscape scale models ignore clumping, yet preliminary tests show
it can affect fluxes by 20 to 30%). The East Bay hills are a
perfect laboratory for conducting such work, for they possess a
spectrum of canopies and plants with different clumping features.
With regards to soil-atmosphere gas exchange there is evidence that
pressure fluctuations affect the efflux of gases, but more work is
needed in this area. There is also a need to couple model of soil
gas diffusion to CANVEG.
We are also interested in how the surface layer interacts with the
overlying planetary boundary layer. At present we are seeing huge increases in pbl CO2 concentrations after summer rains, when we observe large respiratory pulses and the wet surface inhibits the growth of the pbl. What is the interaction between
PBL growth, photosynthesis and CO2 concentrations in the
tropososphere, the rectifier effect? We have data sets from past
studies that can be examined, such as measurements of surface
fluxes and pbl development over a jack pine stand and a temperate
forest. Some regions experience subsidence (Siberia), while others
don’t (Canada). What is the impact of this feature on CO2
evolution?
On a practical side there is need to examine the micrometeorology of
Californian crop, orchards and vineyards. Questions to be raised
include: What is the impact of cultural practices on orchard
microclimate? what is the impact of grass on water use, crop quality
and temperature profiles within an orchard?
Theme 4: Biometeorology/Atmospheric Chemistry
Plants emit many chemicals that contribute to the chemical composition
of the atmosphere. Isoprene and monoterpenes are driven by factors
measurement and modeled by biometeorologist, light, temperature and
stomatal conductance. There is need to look at the role of leaf energy
budgets on extreme temperature and the evolution of isoprene emission
as a way to impact thermostability of membranes (a test theory of
Sharkey). We also need to investigate the roles of chemical reactions
on chemical composition within forests. For example, the CANOAK model can be adopted to treat the uptake, emission and transformation of reactive chemicals like O3, NO and NO2 in the presence of VOCs. With such a model we can ask how different are chemical and
turbulence time scales in forests?
Theme 5: Agricultural and Ecological Climatology and Meteorology
Climate is expected to change in California, with warmer temperatures and either wetter or drier winters. How will these climatic changes affect agricultural and ecosystem services. Tree crops in California require a critical number of chill units during the winter dormant season. If warming occurs will these trees accumulate enough chill units? Using current and historical weather data, are there trends in winter chill?
Warming will also affect evaporation and ecosystem water balance. How will feedbacks between the timing of rainfall and the atmospheric demand for water alter the annual water balance of natural and managed ecosystems?
Theme 6: Instruments and Measurements
We'd like to apply micrometeorological theories to address questions
in related fields. But such work needs instrument development, an area
that can be attractive to a bioenvironmental engineers and applied
physics students.
At present we are developing spectral reflectance sensors based on light
emitting diode technology. By using LEDs with narrow spectral
bands, we are developing specific instruments that can measure NDVI and
PRI. This work has been initiated by an undergraduate applied physics
student, Ilse Ruiz-Mercado, who was a visiting student from Mexico and
is now a graduate student at UC Berkeley.
We are working with groups from UCB, UCLA and UCR on implementing Embedded
Networks of instruments that telecommunicate (www.cens.ucla.edu). There
is promise to expand this technology to sample spatial variation of
meteorological variables in the field setting.
During 2005 we will purchase an off axis laser spectrometer, from Los Gatos Research (LGR) to measure methane fluxes.
In the future we plan to develop:
1. Calibration systems for soil respiration and soil heat flux;
2. a relaxed eddy accumulation system
3. a CO2 gradient sampling system for advection
4. A tram system for measuring spatial patterns in solar radiation
and
5. a package for probing CO2 concentrations in the planetary boundary layer, using a tethered balloon or a flying package.
Facilities
The Berkeley Biometeorology Llaboratory has a modern and state-of-art set
of meteorological, soil physics and ecophysicological equipment for
conducting research on biosphere-atmosphere intereactions and exchange
of trace gases.
Eddy Covariance Flux Instrumentation: Six suites of
micrometeorological instrumentation are available for making flux
covariance measurements. These instruments include seven
three-dimensional sonic anemometers (Gill Windmaster Pros), six
open-path infrared gas analyzers for fast response CO2 and water vapor
measurements (Licor 7500).
Micrometeorological Instrumentation: To interpret field
measurements of mass and energy exchange we possess a suite of
meteorological instruments. These include two closed path infrared
gas analyzers (LI-6262 and LI-800), four temperature/humidity sensors
(Vaisala HMP-45), seven net radiometers (Kipp and Zonen NR Lite and
CNR-1), two pyranometers, and four quantum sensors, two rain gauges, a
Delta-T diffuse PAR sensor and two pressure sensors. Recently we purchased an Ocean Optics spectral radiometer for examine high resolution spectral reflectance from vegetation. We have
developed a high precision CO2 profiling system that automatically and
regularly calibrates the infrared gas analyzer (LI-800) and controls
cell pressure with a pressure control unit.
Soil Physics Instrumentation: Equipment is on hand to measure
soil temperature, moisture and CO2. To measure heat content we have
ten soil heat flux plates (Huseflux) and several homemade soil
temperature probes. To measure soil moisture we have one time domain
reflectometer (Moisture Point) and six frequency domain reflectometers
(Thete Probes). To measure CO2 profiles, we have eight Vaisala GMT
220 CO2 probes. A Decagon dewpoint hygrometer is in house to measure
soil moisture release curves, which allows us to characterize the
hydraulic properties of the soil.
We also have developed an incubation system for measuring carbon turnover time of soil samples using a closed path infrared gas analyzer (LICOR 6262)
Ecophysiological Equipment: Ecophysiological equipment exists to
measure photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, leaf water potential,
transpiration and soil respiration. A LICOR 6400 automated cuvette
system is used for the leaf and soil gas exchange measurements and flourescence. A
Soil Moisture pressure bomb is used to measure leaf water
potential. An automatic LICOR planimeter is in house for leaf
area index measurements, on plant samples, as well is a LICOR 2000
available for remote sensing estimates of LAI in the field. Sapflow
is measured with heat pulse technique using a design developed in the
Dawson Lab. Finally, we purchased a hand-held laser altimeter for
measuring tree height.
Calibration Facilities: State-of-art calibration facilities are
available to ensure high quality measurements. Calibration facilities
in the laboratory include 4 primary reference tanks of CO2 that are
linked to the NOAA CMDL/WMO world standards. We also house laboratory
standard instruments for cross-calibrating humidity, net radiation,
solar radiation, soil heat flux plates and temperature.
Field Laboratory: Field experiments are conducted at a savanna
field site, near Ione, CA. The field study has been in operation,
measuring ecosystem scale trace gas fluxes, since April 2000. Site
infrastructure includes a 20 m walk-up tower and 12 solar panels and
batteries for electrical power. The site is fenced and secure from
the public. This site is equipped with the necessary instrumentation
and computer resources to collect canopy scale flux and meteorology
data. A network of data loggers (Campbell CR-10 and CR-23x) and personal
computers are used to acquire, log and store data.
Numerous measurements of site characteristics have been made. Site
surveys include information on leaf area index, canopy height, stand
density, leaf chemistry, soil hydraulic and thermal properties and
chemistry. We also have acquired high resolution remote sensing
imagery of the site (IKONOS 1 m resolution, panchromatic, 4 m resolution
visible bands), have laser altimeter imagery and CASI images of our
savanna site.
Collaborative Opportunities
We are a member of the Atmospheric Science Center, so we have the
opportunity to collaborate with many UCB ecosystem scientists on
problems that overlap in the areas of atmospheric chemistry,
biogeochemistry, remote sensing and terrestrial ecology. There is
potential to interact with Dr. Inez Fung (ESPM/EPS) on problems linking
global scale models with patch models, with Dr. Allen Goldstein (ESPM)
on atmospheric chemistry problems relating to volatile organic
hydrocarbons and ozone, with Prof. Todd Dawson (IB) on measuring and
modeling isotopes in forests, with Prof. Whendee Silver (ESPM) on
interactions between nitrogen cycle and fluxes, with Prof. John Battles
(ESPM) on net primary productivity, with Dr. Mary Firestone (ESPM) on
nitrogen emission from landscapes, with Prof. Yoram Rubin (CEE) on soil
moisture dynamics, with Prof. Peng Gong (ESPM) on remote sensing of
forests, and Prof. John Harte (ESPM/ERG) on carbon cycling, among
others.
Within the Public and Private universities in California, we have long
interactions with Dr. Kyaw Tha Paw U and Rick Synder at
the University of California, Davis. There is also potential to collaborate
with Mike Goulden, UC Irvine, Walt Oechel, San Diego State, Joe Berry
and Chris Field at Stanford's Carnegie Institute and Bev Law at Oregon State University on a range of
biometeorological and ecological questions pertaining to California.
There is also potential to forge collaborations with colleagues at
National Laboratories. Dr. Tilden Meyers and Kell Wilson, NOAA/ATDDÂ
are measuring mass and energy fluxes over a variety of landscapes in
the eastern US. Dr. Margaret Torn, Marc Fischer and Bill Riley, at LBL,
is interacting with us on examining the partitioning of carbon between
soil and plants. Nate McDowell of
Los Alamos National Lab, a UC unit, are working on land-atmosphere
interactions and carbon isotope fluxes. Many data sets exist that can be of
great interest to prospective students.
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