Removal and Reservation (1830-1887)

• Get Indians out of the way, isolate them from white society.
• Room enough for both cultures

1851 Klamath River Peace Treaty -

• If recognize and agree to keep peace get US protection.
• Reservation land set aside for local tribes.
• Never approved by Congress.

1855 Executive Order est. Klamath River Reservation (KRR)

• 2 mile strip, 20 miles up Klamath for local Indians.

1864 - Hoopa Valley Reservation established

• Hupa wouldn't relocate

1830 Indian Removal

• Gold in Georgia

1849

• California Gold Rush

Growing timber industry

• Focus on access to coastal redwoods.

Allotment and Assimilation (1887-1934)

• No longer room for two separate societies.
• Help Indians become a part of superior white culture.
• Solution is absorption.
• 1887 General Allotment (Dawes) Act
• 1906 Burke Act - if competent allowed issue of fee patent before end of 25 years, also could maintain in trust after 25 years if not deemed competent.

1891 Hoopa Extension - "connecting strip" - BIA instigation

• Decrease conflict, protect NA living between 2 reservations
• Settlers been moving into area since 1878
• Excluded lands with valid rights - was KRR valid right or part of extension? Big confusion.

1892 - Congress authorized allotment of KRR

• 1893-1894: KRR allotted
• 1898-1899: Strip allotted

Yurok - competency and fee patenting

• 1917: competency commission
• 1923: supervisor to draw up list

Increased interest in salmon

Strong white demand for access to timber and salmon on KRR

• Land seen as locked up for a few Indians

Commercial fishing booms

• In the following decades fishery collapses.

New Deal or IRA (1934-1950's)

• Rec. that Indians might not want to assimilate and that their culture has value
• End of Dawes Act, formation of tribal governments

Termination and Relocation (1945 - 1960's)

• Societal shift towards economic development, using all available resources.
• National unity in the face of the cold war.

1950's - early 1960's

• Increase in patented Yurok allotments, probably encouraged by BIA.

196? - Initiation of Jessie Short case

Menominee of Wisconsin and Klamath of Oregon only major areas terminated.

• Both had large quantities of timber.

Self-Determinination (1975-present)

• Increased acceptance of cultural pluralism
• More NA opp. and experience working with the system - more access to the political system.

1988 Yurok-Hupa Settlement Act

• Congressional response to Jesse Short Ruling
• Formally divides reservation - Square is Hoopa Reservation and KRR and extension are Yurok Reservation.
• Yurok initiate work to take over management of forest and fishery

Decrease in timber demand

By 1970's most fee patent land already harvested, most old growth in areas where there had been survey errors.