Center for Weight and Health, U.C. Berkeley

Fit WIC

Resources and New Directions

Resources Specific to the Five Fit WIC Projects

Resources for Qualitative Research Methods and Community Demographics

Accessible And Informative Resources For Action

Potential Partners for Community Activities and Coalition Building

Places To Seek Funding

References About Childhood Overweight and Related Topics

Resources Specific to the Five Fit WIC Projects

Forms and Tools
All forms and tools used by the Fit WIC team will soon be available at the Fit WIC link on the WIC Works web site. The site is currently under construction. We will post the link as soon as it is available.

Currently Published Results From The 5-State Fit WIC Research Projects

Chamberlin LA, Sherman SN, Jain A, Powers SW, Whitaker RC. The challenge of obesity prevention: perceptions of WIC health professionals. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2002 (In press).

Jain A, Sherman SN, Chamberlin LA, Carter Y, Powers SW, Whitaker RC. Why don't mothers worry about their preschoolers being overweight? Pediatrics 2001;107(5):1138-46.

Whitaker RC, Sherman SN, Chamberlin LA, Powers SW. Altering the perceptions of WIC health professionals about childhood obesity using video with facilitated group discussion. In preparation.

Smith R, Lunner S, Producers, Video Action Fund, Washington, DC. Research and development consultants: Whitaker RC, Sherman SN, Chamberlin LA, Powers SW, Jain A, Carter Y, and Baughcum AE. Video entitled: "Beyond Nutrition Counseling: Reframing the Battle Against Obesity." Copyright: Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 2000.

Resources for Qualitative Research Methods and Community Demographics

Facilitated Group Discussions

Abusabha R, Peacock J, Achterberg C. How to make nutrition education more meaningful through facilitated group discussions. J Am Diet Assoc 1999;99:72-6.

McKenzie J, Achterberg C, Kiel M. Facilitated group discussion study: Follow-up training manual. Pennylvania State University, March 1998.

Qualitative Research: General

Creswell, JW. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Sage Publications, January 1998; ISBN: 0761901442.

Giacomini MK, Cood DJ. Users' guides to the medical literature: XXIII. Qualitative research in health care. A. Are the results of the study valid? Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA 2000;284:357-62.

Giacomini MK, Cood DJ. Users' guides to the medical literature: XXIII. Qualitative research in health care. B. What are the results and how do they help me care for my patients? Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA 2000;284:478-82.

Glaser BG, Strauss AL. Discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Publisher: Aldine de Gruyter, June 1, 1967; ISBN: 0202302601.

Guidelines for preparing documents for research with human subjects http://www.cdc.gov/od/ads/hsrdocs.htm

Miles MB, Huberman MA. Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. 2nd ed. Sage Publications, February 1994; ISBN: 0803955405.

National Institute of Mental Health. Qualitative methods in health research: Opportunities and considerations in applications and review. Internet: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/research/qualitative.cfm

Demographics

US Census Bureau: http://www.census.gov

Accessible and Informative Resources for Community Action

Community Action and Coalition Building

Building Communities from the Inside Out: A Path Toward Finding and Mobilizing a Community's Assets
By John P. Kretzman and John L McKnight
This inspiring guide is packed with ideas to help communities transform themselves by developing a commitment to discovering their unique assets and capacities.
Order from: ACTA Publications, 4848 North Clark Street, Chicago, IL 6640
(800) 397-2282

Children and Weight: What Communities Can Do
A kit for health professionals and community leaders who want to start a community coalition or task force to address the issue of childhood overweight. The kit was developed through Cooperative Extension at the University of California, Berkeley.
For ordering information, see Center for Weight and Health, University of California, Berkeley, 2002. The University of California, Berkeley, 101 Giannini Hall #310, Berkeley , CA 94720. (510) 642-1599 (v) 642-4612 (fax)
http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/cwh/resources/childrenandweight.shtml

Community Initiative
An alliance of professionals dedicated to creating healthy and sustainable communities wherever people live, work, and play. Helps organizations, corporations, and community collaborations shape change and accelerate results.
http://www.communityinitiatives.com/home.html

The Community Toolbox
Developed by the University of Kansas with a mission to promote community health and development by connecting people, ideas, and resources. This user-friendly site is full of information and tips to help community groups organize for change.
http://ctb.lsi.ukans.edu/

Healthy Communities/Healthy Youth Tool Kit
This kit is written for anyone interested in unleashing the transforming power of a community to help nurture children and adolescents.
Order from: Search Institute; 700 South Third Street; Suite 210; Minneapolis, MN 55415
(800) 888-7828
www.search-institute.org

Focus on the Physical: Work Physical Activity Into Your Programs

American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance (AAHPERD)
AAHPERD is the largest organization of professionals supporting and assisting those involved in physical education, leisure, fitness, dance, health promotion, education, and all specialties related to achieving a healthy lifestyle. AAHPERD and its associations publish more than 250 books, information materials, and supplementary products, which can be viewed and ordered on-line.
www.aahperd.org

Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity
Of the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Center for Disease Control and Prevention
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa

KaBOOM!
This non-profit organization specializes in linking communities and corporations together to build much-needed playgrounds.
www.kaboom.org

National Association for Sport and Physical Education
NASPE seeks to enhance knowledge and professional practice in sport and physical activity through scientific study and dissemination of research-based and experiential knowledge to members and the public.
http://www.aahperd.org/naspe

President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports
PCPFS serves as a catalyst to promote, encourage, and motivate the development of physical fitness and sports participation for all Americans of all ages. This site offers downloadable, research-based publications for youth and adults.
www.fitness.gov/

Project LEAN
Project LEAN stands for Leaders Encouraging Activity and Nutrition. The two websites below offer tips and resources for eating well and being physically active.
http://www.dhs.ca.gov/lean (general website) http://www.caprojectlean.org/ (teen website)

Promoting Physical Activity: A Guide for Community Action
This is a resource guide for professionals and volunteers who wish to promote physical activity in almost any setting: a community, a workplace, a school setting, a health care facility, and agency or organization, or a religious institution.
Order from: Human Kinetics, P.O. Box 5076, Champaign, IL 61825-5076
(800) 747-4457
www.humankinetics.com

SPARK (Sports Play and Active Recreation for Kids)
An innovative elementary school physical education curriculum and staff development program that focuses on building physical and social skills while promoting maximum activity during physical education class periods. The SPARK program evolved from a research study supported by the Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health. Order from: SPARK Physical Education, 6363 Alvarado Court, Suite 250, San Diego, CA 92120
www.foundation.sdsu.edu/projects/spark/

Sportime
www.sportime.com/

TV-Turnoff Network
Created in 1995 to encourage adults and children to reduce television watching to promote richer, healthier, and more connected lives.
www.tvturnoff.org

Nutrition, Health and Well Being
American Academy of Pediatrics
The academy's activities include advocating on behalf of children and youth, educating the public and professionals, conducting research, and advocating for the interests of pediatricians. The site contains AAP policy statements related to the topics of overweight.
http://www.aap.org/default.htm

Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Division of Adolescent and School Health
The site offers a rich compilation of up-to-date resources on nutrition physical activity, and school health. Includes comprehensive resource lists of national and health-related associations.
www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dash

The Center for Weight and Health
The Center facilitates interactions among researchers, policy makers and community-based providers from various disciplines and institutions who are concerned about weight, health and food security. It promotes collaboration on projects between professionals and members of diverse communities. The University of California, Berkeley, 101 Giannini Hall #310, Berkeley, CA 94720. (510) 642-1599 (v) 642-4612 (fax)
http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/cwh/

Children's Books that Encourage Healthy Eating
Developed by the Family Nutrition Education Program at the University of Missouri for educators, parents, and children.
http://outreach.missouri.edu/fnep/teaching.htm

The Food and Nutrition Information Center
United States Department of Agriculture. Rich with information for health and educational professionals and parents.
www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

Nutrition Central
Contains excellent links for people of all ages. Also contains a list of recommended children's books focusing on healthy eating.
www.lib.vt.edu/subjects/nutr/Nutrition.Central/default.htm

Nutrition Education and Training (NET)
Section of the California Department of Education. Provides comprehensive nutrition information and educational programs for children, teachers, child nutrition personnel, program administrators, and child care agencies.
www.cde.ca.gov/nsd/nets/

Nutrition Explorations
Sponsored by the National Dairy Council, this site offers fun and easy ways to learn about nutrition.
www.nutritionexplorations.org

Nutrition.Gov
This federal resource provides easy access to all online federal government information on nutrition, including specialized nutrition information for infants and children, adult women and men and seniors. The site also offers a comprehensive and reliable source of information on nutrition and dietary guidance with an extensive scientific reference section.
http://www.nutrition.gov/

Nutrition for Kids
Developed by Connie Evers, MS RD, this site has information for parents, teachers, and kids. Subscribe to the free electronic monthly newsletter.
http://nutritionforkids.com/

Nutrition Navigator
The first online rating and review of nutrition related sites to help people find accurate, useful nutrition information they can trust.
http://navigator.tufts.edu/

Team Nutrition
The goal of USDA's Team Nutrition is to improve children's lifelong eating and physical activity habits by using the principles of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the Food Guide Pyramid. This site has extensive resource sections for teachers and students. http://www.fns.usda.gov/tn/

Potential Partners for Coalition Building and Community Activities

American Cancer Society
American Heart Association
Art supply stores
Athletic coaches
Banks
Beauty stores/shops
Botanical gardens/arboretums
Boys/Girls clubs
Care for Kids (coalition with doctors,
dentists, nurses)
Childbirth educators
Churches/synagogues
Childcare centers
Clothing stores
Colleges/universities
Community centers
Cooperative Extension Service
County health departments
Culinary schools/chefs
Cultural centers (e.g., Compania Center,
VA)
Dentists/dental students
Department of Parks and Recreation
Department of Public Health
Department stores (e.g., Sears, JC Penny)
Dietitian/dietetic interns
Drop-in service support centers
(e.g., Healthy Babies, D.C.)
Expanded Food and nutrition Education
Program (EFNEP)
Farmers/farmer's markets
Fire stations
Food stamp offices
Grocery stores

Headstart
Health centers (e.g., teen health centers)
Herb Society of AmericaHospitals/medical centers
Junior Leagues
Language clubs/classes
Libraries/librarians
Local athletes
Local media (e.g., radio, television,
newspaper)
Mini-marts
Malls
National Gardening Association
National Hispanic advertising agencies (e.g.,
Salud en Tus Manos)
Nutrition Education Training (NET)
Other WIC clinics
Public figures (e.g., mayor)
Public transportation
Recreational centers
Restaurants
Salvation Army
Senior centers
Shelters (e.g., battered women, homeless)
Specialty ethnic food stores
Team Nutrition Schools/supporters
Thrift stores/Goodwill
Tenant organizations
Trade associations
United Way
Urban gardeners
Urban League
Variety stores
YMCA/YWCA
4-H clubs

Places To Seek Funding

The Foundation Center's Guide to Proposal Writing (Revised Edition)
This practical guide is filled with straightforward information, tips, and real-life examples from successfully-funded proposals.
By Jane C. Geever and Patricia McNeill
Order from: The Foundation Center; 79 Fifth Avenue; New York, NY 103-3076
(800) 424-9836
http://fdncenter.org/

California Management Assistance Partnership (C-MAP)
C-MAP is a statewide partnership of 14 centers that provide resources (including classes on fundraising and grantwriting) for nonprofit organizations. Because the sites receive grants from various funding sources and operate independently of one another, services vary from site to site. The main website contains links to each of the C-MAP resource centers. http://search.genie.org/genie/cmap.lasso

The Foundation Center
One of the most difficult aspects of the grant-seeking process is selecting, from the more than 47,000 active U.S. private foundations and corporate giving programs, the grant-makers who might be interested in your project. The Foundation Center libraries make the best and most comprehensive information available to grant-seekers so that they can identify appropriate funders and develop targeted proposals.
http://fdncenter.org/

Kaiser Permanente Community Service Fund Grants
Kaiser Permanente made a generous donation to the Virginia Childhood Obesity Prevention Project to purchase educational materials. Kaiser Permanente California awards Community Service Fund grants and collaborates with numerous community organizations who share a commitment to community health. Call the Kaiser Permanente Regional Office in your area and ask about the "Small Grants Project". The website below has phone numbers for regional offices.
www.kaiserpermanente.org

National 4H Council Youth Grants Program
Offers grants for youth in local communities, in counties, and on the state level. These grants provide opportunities for young people and adults to take action on issues critical to their lives, their families and their communities. Get updates on grant opportunities by subscribing to the list-serve: grantsinfo-join@4hlists.org;
http://www.fourhcouncil.edu/

References about Childhood Overweight and Related Topics

Assessment of Weight Status

Dietz WH, Robinson TN. Use of the body mass index as a measure of overweight in children and adolescents. J Pediatr 1998;132:191-2.

Frisancho AR. Anthropometric standards for the assessment of growth and nutritional status. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1990.

Jackson J, Strauss CC, Lee AA, Hunter K. Parents' accuracy in estimating child weight status. Addic Behav 1990;15:65-8.

Kraemer HC, Berkowitz RI, Hammer LD. Methodological difficulties in studies of obesity. I. Measurement issues. Ann Behav Med 1990;12:112-8.

Poskitt EME. Defining childhood obesity: the relative body mass index (BMI). Acta Pediatr 1995;84:961-3.

Rolland-Cachera MF, Sempe M, Guilloud-Bataille M, Patois E, Pequignot-Guggenbuhl F, Fautrad V. Adiposity indices in children. Am J Clin Nutr 1982;36:178-84.

Consequences of Overweight

Allison DB, Fontaine KR, Manson JE, Stevens J, VanItallie TB. Annual deaths attributable to obesity in the United States. JAMA 1999;282:1530-8.

Calle EE, Thun MJ, Petrelli JM, Rodriguez C, Heath CW. Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1097-105.

Freedman DS, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. The relation of overweight to cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics 1999;103:1175-82.

French SA, Story M, Perry CL. Self-esteem and obesity in children and adolescents: A Literature Review. Obes Res 1995;3:479-90.

Gortmaker SL, Must A, Perrin JM, Sobol AM, Dietz WH. Social and economic consequences of overweight in adolescence and young adulthood. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1008-12.

Klesges RC, Eck LH, Hanson CL, Haddock CK, Klesges LM. Effects of obesity, social interactions, and physial environment on physical activity in preschoolers. Health Psychol 1990;9:435-49.

McGinnis JM, Foege WH. Actual causes of death in the United States. JAMA 1993;270:2207-12.
Must A, Spadano J, Coakley EH, Field AE, Colditz G, Dietz WH. The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity. JAMA 1999;282:1523-9.

National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Panel on the Health Implications of Obesity. Health implications of obesity: National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement. Ann Intern Med 1985;103:147-51.

Pi-Sunyer FX. Medical hazards of obesity. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:655-60.

Power C, Lake JK, Cole TJ. Measurement and long-term health risks of child and adolescent fatness. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997;21:507-26.

Serdula MK, Ivery D, Coates RJ, Freedman DS, Williamson DF, Byers T. Do obese children become obese adults? A review of the literature. Prev Med 1993;22:167-77.

Strauss RS. Childhood obesity and self-esteem. Pediatrics [serial online] 2000;105 (1):e15. Internet: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/105/1/e15

Whitaker RC, Wright JA, Pepe MS, Seidel KD, Dietz WH. Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. N Engl J Med 1997;337:869-73.

Wolf AM, Colditz GA. Current estimates of the economic cost of obesity in the United States. Obes Res 1998;6:97-106.

Prevalence of Overweight

Flegal KM, Carroll RJ, Kuczmarski RJ, Johnson CL. Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1960-1994. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998;22:39-47.

Galuska DA, Serdula M, Pamuk E, Siegel PZ, Byers T. Trends in overweight among U. S. adults from 1987 to 1993: a multistate telephone survey. Am J Pub Health 1996;86:1729-35.

Hamill PVV, Drizd TA, Johnson CL, Reed RB, Roche AF, Moore WM. Physical growth: National Center for Health Statistics percentiles. Am J Clin Nutr 1979;32:607-29.

Kuczmarski RJ, Carroll MD, Flegal KM, Troiano RP. Varying body mass index cutoff points to describe overweight prevalence among U.S. adults: NHANES III (1988 to 1994). Obes Res 1997;5:542-8.

Ogden CL, Troiano RP, Briefel RR, Kuczmarski RJ, Flegal KM, Johnson CL. Prevalence of overweight among preschool children in the United States, 1971 through 1994. Pediatrics [serial online] 1997;99:E1.
Internet:http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/99/4/e1.

Mei Z, Scanlon KS, Grummer-Strawn LM, Freedman DS, Yip R, Trowbridge FL. Increasing prevalence of overweight among U. S. low-income preschool children. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance, 1983-1995. Pediatrics
1998;101(1):e12 http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/101/1/e12?maxto
show=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&author
1=Mei+Z&searchid=1038882637281_10735&stored_searc
h=&FIRSTINDEX=0&fdate=1/1/1988&journalcode=pedia
trics

Troiano RP, Flegal KM, Kuczmarski RJ, Campbell SM, Johnson CL. Overweight prevalence and trends for children and adolescents: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1963 to 1991. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1995;149:1085-91.

Yip R, Parvanta I, Scanlon K, Borland EW, Russell CM, Trowbridge FL. Pediatric nutrition surveillance system-United States, 1980-1991. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1992;41:1-41.

The Social Context and Causes of Overweight

Baughcum AE, Burklow KA, Deeks CM, Powers SW, Whitaker RC. Maternal feeding practices and childhood obesity: a focus group study of low-income mothers. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998;152:1010-14.

Baughcum AE, Chamberlin LA, Deeks CM, Powers SW, Whitaker RC. Maternal perceptions of overweight preschool children. Pediatrics 2000;106(6):1380-6.

Baughcum AE, Powers SW, Bennett Johnson S, Chamberlin LA, Deeks CM, Jain A, Whitaker RC. Maternal feeding practices and beliefs and their relationships to overweight in early childhood. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2001;22(6):391-408.

Birch LL, Fisher JO. Development of eating behaviors among children and adolescents. Pediatrics 1998;101 (suppl):539-49.

Burdette HL, Whitaker RC, Harvey-Berino J. Television viewing and outdoor time in low-income preschool children: relationship to depression, perceived stress, and BMI in their mothers. Obes Res 2001;9 (suppl. 3):59S (abstract no. O28).

Burdette HL, Harvey-Berino J, Kahn RS, Whitaker RC. Maternal depression and obesity predict television viewing in low-income preschool children. Pediatric Res 2002;51:203A (abstract no. 1180).

Burdette HL, Kahn RS, Harvey-Berino J, Whitaker RC. The relationship of well-being in low-income mothers to emotional and social functioning (PedsQLTM) in their preschool children. Pediatric Res 2002;51:197A (abstract no. 1144).

Chagnon YC, Perusse L, Bouchard C. The human obesity gene map: the 1997 update. Obes Res 1998;6:76-92.

Flegal KM, Harlan WR, Landis JR. Secular trends in body mass index and skinfold thickness with socioeconomic factors in young adult women. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;48:535-43.

Garn SM, Bailey SM, Solomon MA, Hopkins PJ. Effect of remaining family members on fatness prediction. Am J Clin Nutr 1981;34:148-53.

Mei Z, Scanlon KS, Grummer-Strawn LM, Freedman DS, Yip R, Trowbridge FL. Increasing prevalence of overweight among U. S. low-income preschool children: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance, 1983-1995. Pediatrics 1998;101(1).

Sobal J, Stunkard AJ. Socioeconomic status and obesity: a review of the literature. Psych Bull 1989;105:260-75.

Stunkard AJ. Socioeconomic status and obesity. Wiley: Ciba Foundation Symposium 201, 1996.

Prevention of Overweight

Green M, ed. Bright Futures: Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children, and Adolescents. Arlington, VA: National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 1994.

NIH Technology Assessment Conference Panel. Methods for voluntary weight loss and control. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:764-70.
Sallis JF, Simons-Morton BG, Stone EJ, et. al. Determinants of physicial activity and interventions in youth. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992;24:S248-S257.

Prochaska JO, Velicer WF, Rossi JS et al. Stages of change and decisional balance for 12 problem behaviors. Health Psychol 1994;13:39-46.

Satter EM. Internal regulation and the evolution of normal growth as the basis for prevention of obesity in children. J Am Diet Assoc 1996;96:860-4.

Satter EM. The feeding relationship: problems and interventions. J Pediatr 1990;117:S181-S191.

Story M, Holt K, Sofka D, eds. Bright Futures in Practice: Nutrition. Arlington, VA: National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 2000.

Williams CL, Squillace MM, Bollella MC et al. Healthy Start: a comprehensive health education program for preschool children. Prev Med 1998;27:216-23.

Treatment of Overweight

Abenhaim L, Moride Y, Brenot F et al. Appetite-suppressant drugs and the risk of primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 1996;335:609-16.

Connolly HM, Crary JL, McGoon MD et al. Valvular heart disease associated with fenfluramine-phentermine. N Engl J Med 1997;337:581-8.

Epstein LH, Valoski A, Wing RR, McCurley J. Ten-year follow-up of behavioral, family-based treatment for obese children. JAMA 1990;264:2519-23.

Epstein LH, Wing RR. Behavioral treatment of childhood obesity. Psych Bull 1987;101:331-42.

Golan M, Weizman A, Apter A, Fainaru M. Parents as the exclusive agents of change in the treatment of childhood obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;67:1130-5.

Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC. Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: toward an integrative model of change. J Consult Clin Psychol 1983;51:390-5.

Young Children and Physical Activity

Harvey-Berino J, Geller B, Dorwaldt A, Flynn K, Walfield L. A qualitative data analysis of parental attitudes towards preschool physical activity. Ann of Behav Med 2001;23, 24S.

Moore LL, Lombardi DA, White MJ, Campbell JL, Olivera SA, Ellison RC. Influence of parents' physical activity levels on activity levels of young children. J Pediatr 1991;118:215-9.

National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE). ACTIVE START: A Statement of Physical Activity Guidelines for Children Birth to Five Years, 2000. ISBN 0-88314-741-6 Available on line at: http://member.aahperd.org/Template.cfm?template=ProductDisplay.cfm&ProductID=450

National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE). Appropriate Practices in Movement Programs for Young Children Ages 3 5, 2002. ISBN 0-88314-719-X. Available on line at:
http://member.aahperd.org/Template.cfm?template=ProductDisplay.cfm&ProductID=369

Patrick K, Spear B, Holt K, Sofka D, eds. Bright Futures in Practice: Physical Activity. Arlington, VA: National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 2001.

Sanders S. W. Designing Preschool Movement Programs. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc., 1992.

Sallis JF, Patterson TL, McKenzie TL, Nader PR. Family variables and physical activity in preschool children. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1988;9:57-61.

Totsky Hammett C. Movement Activities for Early Childhood. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc., 1992. http://www.humankinetics.com/