• Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the United States, 1878.
• Head of Bureau of Ethnology, 1879-1902.
• Director of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1881-1892.
• Lands of arid west: beyond 100th meridian and 20" rainfall line.

• First expedition, 1869: Green River through Grand Canyon to present-day Arizona in 4 wooden boats.
• Second expedition, 1871, scientific survey.

• Learned Indian languages and customs.
• Gained trust of Indians.
• Criticized Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) for disregard of Indians.
• Indians set fires to drive game to trade for goods, but Indians should be removed to control fires.

• Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the United States, 1878.
• Irrigated farms: 80 acres if irrigated is enough; lowlands, river valleys; crops.
• Pasturage farms: 2560 acres if unirrigated is necessary; hilly dry lands; grazing.
• Timber lands: commercial use and erosion control; high mountains.
• Cooperative irrigation districts; commons.

• Francis Newlands: Nevada congressman.
• Bill to implement Powell’s ideas.
• Irrigation projects in western states by selling public lands.
• 160 acre irrigated farms; 320 acres for married couples; privileges small farmer.
• Water from federally funded water projects to 160 acre farms.
• Bureau of Reclamation: BuRec.

• Riparian rights: English common law.
• People living on the banks of a river can claim the right to use the water.
• Right to consume water inheres in land, and is not lost through nonuse.
• Drink, wash, water cattle.
• Or, can leave the river alone; sit in rocking chair and contemplate the flow.
• No right to diminish the flow, e.g. dams.

• Appropriation: Appears in England with private property and marketplace.
• Common law overturned for development; factories, dams, watermills can alter flow downstream.
• Palmer vs. Mulligan, 1805, New York.
• Riparian law changed to appropriation to allow private development; profit.
• Western U.S.: riparian favors ranchers; appropriation favors miners, farmers.

• Environmental historian.
• University of Pittsburgh.
• Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency (1959).
• Beauty, Health, and Permanence: Environmental Politics in the United States, 1955-1985 (1987).

• 1900-1939.
• Syracuse University, School of Forestry.
• 1930s. Head of Outdoors and Recreation Office in the Forest Service.
• 1933. The People's Forests.

• 1935. Founds Wilderness Society with Olaus Murie, Aldo Leopold, and Benton MacKaye. Dies 1939.
• 1940. Bob Marshall Wilderness proposed by the Wilderness Society to commemorate his passion for wilderness.
• Mountains of northwestern Montana. 1 million acres.

13. Bob Marshall Wilderness

• Advocated wilderness areas with no roads, timber cutting, or human occupancy.
• Wanted forests for the poor, camps for the underprivileged, and removal of discrimination against minorities.

• Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 1882-1945.
• President, 1933-1945.
• Harold Ickes, 1874-1952.
• Secretary of the Interior under Roosevelt and Truman.
• Federal development of electric power.

• 1933. Roosevelt establishes Office of Emergency Conservation Work.
• 1937. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) created.
• Relieves unemployment.
• Promotes conservation.

17. Hugh Bennett

• Soil Conservation Act, 1935.
• Soil Conservation Service (SCS), Hugh Bennett, head.
• Impetus: Dust Bowl of the 1930s.
• Provides for the control and prevention of soil erosion.
• Soil Conservation District: Farmers develop their own programs of soil and water conservation.

• Executive Director of Sierra Club, 1952-69.
• Founder, Friends of the Earth (FOE), 1969.
• John Muir: "If they are to survive, men must learn to be friends of the earth."
• 1980s. Founded Earth Island Institute.

• 1950s-1960s. Air , Food, Nuclear Testing.
• 1962, Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring. Pesticides.
• 1964, Wilderness Act. Wilderness Preservation.
• 1965, Land and Water Conservation Act.
• 1968, National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act.
• 1968. Population Bomb, by Paul Ehrlich.
• 1969, Santa Barbara Oil Spill.
• 1969, National Environmental Policy Act.

• Early 1960s.
• Stewart Udall, Secretary of the Interior; The Quiet Crisis, 1963.
• President John F. Kennedy.
• Senator Edmund Muskie, Chair of Senate Public Works Committee; concerns over pollution.

• 1970, Clean Air Amendments.
• 1970, Occupational Safety and Health Act.
• 1971, Alaskan Native Claims Settlement Act.
• 1972, Environmental Pesticide Control Act.
• 1973, Endangered Species Act.
• 1974, Forest/Rangeland Renewable Resources Act; Safe Drinking Water Act.
• 1976, National Forest Management Act.
• 1976, Toxic Substances Control Act.

• William Ruckelshaus, Head of the Environmental Protection Agency, Richard Nixon, President, and Russell Train, Chairman of the Council on Environmental Quality.

• Should the forests belong to the people?
• How can environmental quality best be protected?