13.2 THE EMERGENCE OF
ECOLOGY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
1910 -
1985
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2. Conservation as Economic Ecology
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The ecologist is the manager of the natural
environment; humans superior to nature.
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Beneficial management raises productivity
over time.
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Kenneth Watt, UC Davis: Goal is to "optimize
the harvest of useful tissue."
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"Man" is an economic animal; bioeconomics
maximizes production.
3. Charles Elton
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1927, Animal Ecology.
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1932, Founds Bureau of Animal Population,
Oxford, England.
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Pyramid of Numbers: herbivores form broad
base for fewer numbers of predators with an "invulnerable" species at
apex.
4. Forest Ecosystem
5. Pond Ecosystem
6. Food Chain: Raymond Lindeman, 1942
7. Producers and Consumers
8. Food Chain
9. Energy Pyramid
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Decrease in numbers of organisms, and usable
energy in a food chain.
10. Eugene Odum
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Institute for Ecology, University of
Georgia.
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Nature as a balanced, stable system,
1969.
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Succession is development toward a stabilized
ecosystem.
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Landscape as "oikos" or home for
humanity.
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Nature's Pulsing Paradigm, 1995.
11. Aldo Leopold
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Trained at Yale Forestry School, est. 1900
by Pinchot family funds.
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1933, Game Management.
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Game are like crops.
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Game managers are like doctors.
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Dying wolf: "a fierce green fire dying in
her eyes." Arizona, 1920s.
12. Leopold and Pine Tree
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"Land Ethic," 1949, in A Sand County
Almanac.
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A-B cleavage: land as commodity production
versus land as biotic pyramid.
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Restoration: To reconstruct original Wisconisn
prairies; to replant red and white pines.
13. Rachel Carson
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Silent Spring, 1962.
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Pesticides as "elixirs of death."
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DDT; chlorinated hydrocarbons;
organophosphates.
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Concentration in food chain.
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Genetic resistance to pesticides.
14. Rachel Carson at Work
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Paradigm shift from chemical controls to
integrated
pest management.
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"We stand now where two roads diverge;" the
"less traveled" fork is biological control by natural enemies.
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1970, pesticide regulation under EPA.
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1972, Federal Environmental Pesticide Control
Act.
15. Egocentric Ethics: Self
Self-Interest:
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Thomas Hobbes
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John Locke
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Adam Smith
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Garrett Hardin
Religious:
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Judeo-Christian Ethic
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Arminian "Heresy"
16. Egocentric Ethics
Maximization of Individual Self-Interest:
What is Good for the Individual is Good for Society as a Whole
Mutual Coercion Mutually Agreed Upon
17. Homocentric Ethics: Society
Utilitarian:
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J.S. Mill
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Jeremy Bentham
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Gifford Pinchot
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Peter Singer
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Barry Commoner
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Murray Bookchin
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Environmental Justice Movement
Religious:
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John Ray
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William Derham
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Rene Dubos
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Robin Attfield
18. Homocentric Ethics
Greatest Good for the Greatest Number
for the Longest Time
Social Justice
Duty to the Human Community
19. Ecocentric Ethics: Cosmos
Eco-Scientific:
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Aldo Leopold
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Rachel Carson
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Deep Ecologists
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Restoration Ecologists
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Biological Control
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Sustainable Agriculture
Eco-Religious:
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American Indian
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Buddhism
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Spiritual Feminists
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Spiritual Greens
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Process Philosophers
20. Ecocentric Ethics
Rational, Scientific Belief-System Based on
Laws of Ecology
Unity, Stability, Diversity, Harmony of
Ecosystem
Balance of Nature
21. Partnership Ethics: People and Nature
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The Greatest Good for the Human and Nonhuman
Communities is in their Mutual Living Interdependence.
22. Partnership Ethics
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Equity between the human and nonhuman
communities.
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Moral consideration for both humans and other
species.
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Respect for cultural diversity and
biodiversity.
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Inclusion of women, minorities, and nonhuman
nature in the code of accountability.
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An ecologically sound management that is
consistent
with the continued health of both the human and nonhuman
communities.
23. Questions for Discussion
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Is ecological science the best way to manage
the environment?
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What in your view would a viable environmental
ethic look like?
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