• Late 18th to mid-19th centuries.
• Capitalist ecological revolution.
• Transition from agrarian-minded society to commercially-minded society.
• Market and transportation revolutions.
• Organic versus mechanistic cosmos.
• Subsistence versus market farming.
• Democracy versus capitalism.

• Cosmos is a living organism: body, soul, spirit
• Earth is alive; a nurturing mother
• God is all-powerful creator; nature is his earthly agent
• Organic social bonds

• Cosmos is a vast machine; dead, inert atoms in motion
• Earth is elements and chemicals
• God is a clockmaker; rational engineer; mathematician
• Balance of powers

• To know where the sign is: First find the day of the month and against the day you have the sign or place of the moon in the 4th column: Then finding the sign here, it shows the part of the body it governs.

6. Man of the Signs, 1782

• Aries: head and face
• Taurus: neck, throat
• Gemini: arms
• Cancer: breast, ribs
• Leo: heart, back
• Virgo: bowels, belly
• Libra: kidneys, loins
• Scorpio: secrets
• Sagitarius: thighs
• Capricorn: knees
• Aquarius: legs
• Pisces: feet

• Independent farmers; artisans
• Satisfied; content
• Little government; no taxes
• Jeffersonian democratic state; equality; property
• Democracy

• Merchants; bankers; planters; slaves
• Get-ahead mentality
• Strong, central government; tariffs
• Hamiltonian market state; taxes, central bank; roads
• Capitalism

• War of 1812 with British ends in 1815.
• Jackson and Harrison military campaigns open up lands to Mississippi.
• Economic take-off as European markets open up; dynamic internal U.S. economy.
• Transportation revolution speeds trade.
• Settlement of Mississippi and Ohio valleys; canals and steamboat traffic.

• Concurrent with and mutually supportive of market revolution.
• 1815: Cincinnati to New York, 50 days, 30-70 ¢/ton-mile via keelboat and wagon.
• Network of internal improvements; Albert Gallatin, Report on Roads and Canals, 1808.
• Turnpikes, canals, steamboats, railroads.
• 1850: Cincinnati to New York, 6-8 days, 2-9 ¢/ton-mile via railroad.

• Middlesex Canal, 1803; Erie Canal,1825; Blackstone Canal, 1828; Gt. Lakes to Ohio & Mississippi, 1830s.

12. Central Pacific and Union Pacific Meet, 1869

• Promontory Point, Utah; Chinese labor.
• Transportation system converts U.S. into one vast, unified market.
• Sectional specialization in staples and manufactured products.
• South; Northwest; Northeast; Middle Atlantic; Great West.

• University of Houston.
• Pollution and Reform in American Cities, 1870-1930 (1980).
• Garbage in the Cities: Refuse, Reform and the Environment, 1880-1980 (1981).
• The Sanitary City (2000).
• In Major Problems: "Pollution and Cities."

• "Prior to the 1830s, many American cities faced poor sanitary conditions and suffered the crippling effects of epidemic disease."
• "Animals resident in urban communities were a part of preindustrial life."

• Cities were polluted by noxious trades: soapmakers, tanners, slaughterhouses, and butchers.
• Diseases: smallpox, malaria, yellow fever, cholera, typhoid, typhus, tuberculosis, diphtheria, scarlet fever, measles, mumps.

• New York City around 1800.
• Dependence on wells and rivers for water.
• Cesspools, privy vaults, refuse, garbage, rubbish, and polluted water supplies.

• Philadelphia in 1800.
• Benjamin Henry Latrobe on supplying water to Philadelphia, 1798.

• Case Western Reserve University.
• Author of Nature Incorporated: Industrialization and the Waters of New England (1991).
• Down to Earth: Nature’s Role in American History (2002).
• In Major Problems, "Water and Industry."

• "Industrial capitalism involved a profound restructuring of the environment--a far more comprehensive incorporation of nature into the human agenda than ever existed before."
• "At its core the process entailed a systematic effort to control and master nature."

• Apprentice at Arkwright and Strutt textile mill in England.
• Copies from memory the design for a water frame for spinning yarn and offers it to William Almy and Moses Brown in Pawtucket, R.I.
• 1790. Uses water power from Blackstone River to build dam and spinning factory. Slater Mill.

• 1815. Francis Cabot Lowell, with aid of mechanic Paul Moody, develops power loom from memory at Waltham, MA.
• Boston Manufacturing Company integrates all steps in a single location.
• 200 power looms with an overseer and additional rooms for carding, spinning, drawing powered by water mills.

• Waltham systems powered by water mills introduced at Lowell, MA (1820); Dover and Nashua, NH, Chicopee, MA, (1820s); and Manchester, NH (1831).
• 1838. 117 mills powered by steam engines.
• Textile mills recruit and house whole families. Men operate carding machines.

• Women operate spinning and drawing machines.
• Dressers repair threads and monitor yarn.
• Drawers draw the thread through the harness and prepare the beams for the weavers.

• By 1830s, textile manufacturing moves out of the home.
• Prices for finished cloth fall six-fold between 1815 and 1830.
• Wives and mothers can purchase finished cloth to sew into clothing.

• Steam power makes it possible for manufacturing to move into cities.
• 1811. First stationary steam engine built for the Middletown Woollen Manufacturing Company of CT.
• 1838. 317 Steam engines operating in New England. Mills, steam boats, locomotives.

• What values do we retain from the subsistence culture?
• What values do we incorporate from the market culture?
• How are capitalism and democracy separate from each other?