Environmental Philosophy and Ethics

12. Environmental Justice

2. The Group of Ten

  • Environmental Defense Fund.
  • Environmental Policy Institute.
  • Friends of the Earth.
  • Izaak Walton League.
  • National Audubon Society.
  • National Parks and Conservation Association.
  • National Wildlife Federation.
  • Natural Resources Defense Council.
  • Sierra Club.
  • Wilderness Society.

3. National Wildlife Federation

  • Jay Hair of NWF; Headquarters of NWF.
  • $40 million dollar building; $63 million 1988 budget; $96 million 1994.

4. 1988 Budgets of the Big Ten

  • National Wildlife Federation: $63 million; Donors: Amoco, ARCO, CocaCola, Dow, Duke Power, DuPont, Exxon, GE, GM, IBM, Mobil, Monsanto, Tenneco, Waste Management, Westinghouse, Weyerhauser. 
  • Audubon Society: $38 million; Donors: Rockefeller, Waste Management, GE, GTE, Amoco, Chevron, Dupont, Dow Chemical, Exxon, Ford, IBM, Coca Cola.
  • Sierra Club: $19 million; Donors: ARCO, British Petroleum, Chemical Bank, Pepsi.

5. Grassroots Toxics Movement

  • John O'Connor, National Toxics Campaign.
  • Meryl Streep, Mothers and Others; campaign against Uniroyal to remove Alar from apples. 

6. Warren, County, N.C.

  • 1982. African American and Native American protest over PCB landfill.
  • Beginning of the environmental justice movement.
  • Eileen McGurty, Transforming Environmentalism: Warren County, PCBs and the Origins of Environmental Justice (2007).

7. Morrisonville, Louisiana

  • "Cancer Alley" in Morrisonville, where Dow Chemical Co. bought out entire neighborhoods.

8. Morrisonville, Louisiana

  • Three boys look through Dow Chemical Company's fence, south of Baton Rouge.

9. Ben Chavis

  • Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States, United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice, National Report, 1987.

10. Fifty Metropolitan Areas with Greatest Number of Blacks in Toxic Waste Areas

11. Los Angeles, California

  • Number of uncontrolled toxic waste sites in areas of 50% or greater and 20-49% Hispanic population.

12. Los Angeles Incinerator

  • Los Angeles City Energy Recovery Project, LANCER, proposed 1983; architect's drawing.
  • Network of three 1,600-ton-per day garbage incinerators.

13. Mothers of East Los Angeles

  • Maria Roybal and Aurora Castillo of MELA.
  • Current MELA Projects: school air quality.

14. Robert Bullard

  • Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality (1990).
  • Editor of Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots (1993); Black Metropolis (‘07).
  • Environmental Justice Resource Center, Clark Atlanta University.
  • Problem of "free land, free labor, free men."
  • Directory of 400+ People of Color Env. Groups.
  • Workers' Env. Training.

15. West Harlem Environmental Action

  • March 31, 1990.
  • Protest over North River Sewage Treatment Plant's emissions and the scaling back of a state park planned for the area.
  • "Stop Pollution Today; Build Promised Park Tomorrow."
  • WE ACT current projects: Clean air, transit, toxic free products, sustainable land use, waste reduction, open space.

16. New York City

  • El Puente Ojo Cafe (Brown Eyed Bridge), formerly known as "Toxic Avengers," joined with other groups in the January 14, 1993 action to protest the proposed Brooklyn Navy Yard incinerator.
  • Current projects: El Puente Academy for Peace and Justice; Community Health and Environment Institute (CHE).

17. Esperanza Maya

  • People for Clean Air and Water.
  • Kettleman City, California, 1987.
  • Protest against Chemical Waste Management's (CWM) proposal for a toxic waste incinerator.
  • 2010. Protest against expansion of CWM's toxic waste dump.

18. Carl Anthony

  • Former President of Earth Island Institute, San Francisco.
  • Former Director and founder of the Urban Habitat Program.
  • National award: "He combines the tradition of Martin Luther King, Jr. with that of John Muir."
  • Magazine: Race, Poverty, and Environment. 2010, 20th anniversary.

19. Fannie Yazzie

  • Widow of Navajo uranium miner and several of her children.
  • Dangers of uranium mining and radioactive wastes on Indian lands.
  • Women of All Red Nations: WARN.
  • AIM: American Indian Movement. Current projects: Ministry for Information.

20. Native Americans

  • Carlyle Randall, a Native American Vietnam War veteran speaks at a rally near the main gate of the Nevada Test Site on November 10, 1991.
  • Hand sign means "I bear no weapons."

21. Winona LaDuke

  • Anishinabe, Algonquin culture.
  • Indigenous versus industrial values.
  • Reciprocity versus accumulation.
  • Industrial law versus natural law.
  • All Our Relations: Native Struggles for Land and Life (1999).
  • Recovering the Sacred (2005).

22. White Earth Recovery Project

  • "Since our lands were stolen, we've been to the State; we've been to Congress; we've been to the Senate; We've been to the Supreme Court; now we're coming to you."
  • Recovery of land for Anishinabeg peoples.
  • Founded by Winona LaDuke, 1989.