ACRE - An area of land measuring 43,560 square feet. A square 1-acre plot measures about 208.7 feet by 208.7 feet; a circular acre has a radius of 117.75 feet; an acre is 10 square chains.
ADJUSTED BASIS - Modification of the cost of a capital asset for income tax purposes.
AFFORESTATION - Establishment of a forest on a naturally non-forested area.
AGRO-FORESTRY - The combination of forest management and agriculture (often grazing) on a single stand.
ALLOWABLE CUT - The volume of wood that can be sustainably cut over time to achieve a landowner's objectives.
ANNUAL - A plant that lives or grows for only one year or one growing season.
ALTERNATIVE RATE OF RETURN -
Interest rate that your investment will earn at the next best
option.
ASPECT - The compass direction that sloping land mostly faces.
BARE ROOT - Tree seedlings grown in an outdoor nursery bed. Roots are exposed when lifted from the nursery bed, transported, stored and planted.
BASAL AREA - The cross-sectional area of a tree trunk at breast height - 4.5 feet above the ground surface Usually expressed in square feet. When summed for all of the trees on an acre. Basal Area is an expression of density.
BASE MERIDIAN - East-west line that defines the Public Land Survey. Townships are counted as tiers North or South of a Base Meridian.
BASIS - The cost of a capital asset. Basis includes the purchase price and additions to capital.
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY - The variety of life forms in a given area. Diversity can be categorized in terms of the number of species, the variety in the area's plant and animal communities, the genetic variability of the animals, or a combination of these elements.
BOARD FOOT - A unit of wood measuring 12 inches wide by 12 inches long and 1-inch thick (144 cubic inches). Often expressed in Thousands of Board Feet (MBF).
BOLE - The main trunk of a tree.
BOLT - A short piece of round or part-round wood usually less than 8 feet.
BUFFER – A zone or strip of land, trees, or vegetation used as a screen or filter. Common examples include visual buffers, which screen the view along roads, and stream-side buffers, which are used to protect water quality.
CANOPY - A layer or multiple layers of branches and foliage at the top of a forest's trees.
CAPITAL GAINS - Profit on the sale of an asset such as timber, land, or other property. The difference between the selling price of a capital asset and its basis. Reporting timber sales as capital gains can have tax advantages over reporting revenues as ordinary income.
CDF - California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. Responsible for enforcing the Forest Practice Act and for fire-control on much of California forests and other wildlands.
CLEAR-CUT - A forest regeneration method that removes all trees within a given area and regenerating the forest with either natural or artificial seeding or planting. Clear-cutting is most commonly used for species requiring full sunlight to regenerate and grow efficiently.
CLIMAX COMMUNITY - A relatively stable and undisturbed plant community that has evolved through stages and adapted to its environment.
CODOMINANT - Trees with crowns receiving full sunlight from above, but comparatively little from the side (see crown classes).
COMMERCIAL FOREST LAND - Land capable of growing in excess of 20 cubic feet of wood per acre per year.
COMPETITION - The struggle between trees to obtain sunlight, nutrients, water, and growing space. Every part of the tree–from the roots to the crown– competes for space and food.
COMPOUND - Calculating the
future value of an investment with respect to time and the time value
of money (see interest). Opposite of discounting.
CONK - The fruiting body (mushroom) of certain fungi often
appearing on the stems of dead or dying trees and down logs.
CONTAINERIZED STOCK - Tree seedlings grown in containers with planting medium around the roots usually in a green house. This creates a plug-like root system on the seedlings.
CONTOUR - An line of constant elevation, usually as depicted on a topographic map (see).
CORD - A stack of round or split wood consisting of 128 cubic feet of wood, bark, and air space. A standard cord measures 4 feet by 4 feet by 8 feet and contains about 85 cubic feet of solid wood.
COVER - Any plant that intercepts rain drops before they reach the soil or that holds soil in place. A hiding place or vegetative shelter for wildlife from predators or inclement weather.
CROWN - The branches and foliage of a tree. The live crown is the live branches and foliage.
CROWN-CLASS - A tree classification system based on the tree's relative height, foliage density, and ability to intercept light. Crown-class measures past growth performance and calls attention to crop trees that could benefit from future thinning and harvest operations. There are four classifications:
Dominant Trees - Largest trees in the forest with broad, well-developed crowns. These trees receive direct sunlight from all sides and above.
Codominant Trees - Average-to-fairly large trees with medium-sized crowns that form the forest canopy. These trees receive full light from above but are crowded on the sides.
Intermediate Trees - Medium-sized trees with small crowns below the general level of the canopy. Intermediate trees receive little direct light, are poor crop trees, and should be removed during thinning operations.
Suppressed Trees - Small trees that grow below the tree canopy and receive no direct sunlight from any direction. These tend to grow slowly and have poor general health.
CRUISE - A survey of forest land to locate timber and estimate its quantity by species, products, size, quality, or other characteristics. The estimates obtained in such a survey.
CULL - A tree or log of merchantable size but unmerchantable because of shape, disease, or insect infestation. Culls may provide some wildlife or aesthetic value.
CUTTING CYCLE - The planned time interval between major harvesting operations in uneven-aged stands.
DEPLETION - Reduction in the amount of a capital asset for income tax purposes.
DIAMETER AT BREAST HEIGHT (DBH) - The diameter of a tree measured in inches at breast height - a standard 4.5 feet above the ground on the uphill side of the tree.
DISCOUNT - Calculating the present value of a future income with respect to time and the time value of money (interest). Opposite of compounding.
DISTURBANCE - An environmental event that sets succession (see) back to an earlier community.
DOMINANT - Trees with crowns extending above the general level of the canopy, receiving full sunlight form above, and partly from the sides (see crown classes).
EASEMENT - An interest in land owned by another that entitles its holder to a specific limited use or enjoyment - often as a right-of-way (see).
ECOLOGY - The science or study of the relationships between organisms and their environment.
ECOSYSTEM - Areas of interrelated organisms, for example, a forest stand is one type of ecosystem.
EDGE - The transition between two different types or ages of vegetation.
ENDANGERED SPECIES - A species is endangered when the total number of remaining members may not be sufficient to reproduce enough offspring to ensure survival of the species. Rare, Threatened, endangered, and species of special concern have specific legal definitions.
ENVIRONMENT - The total of climate, soil, topography, and other plants and animals in any given area. An organism's environment influences its form, behavior, and survival.
EROSION - The wearing away of land or soil by the action of wind, water, or ice.
ESTHETICS - The visual beauty of the forest.
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION - The evaporation of water from the soil and the transpiration of water by the plants that live in that soil.
EVEN-AGED - A forest management system in which all trees in an area are harvested at one time or in several cuttings over a short time to produce stands that are all the same age or nearly so.
FEE SIMPLE - Clear, unrestricted ownership of a property.
FIELD CAPACITY - The maximum amount of water that the soil can store against for use by plants during the growing season.
FIRE BREAK - Any modification of fuels used to slow or stop fires. Several types of fire breaks are mineral soil barriers; barriers of green, slow-burning vegetation; and mechanically cleared areas.
FORAGE - Vegetation such as leaves, stems, buds, and some types of bark that can be eaten by wildlife and domestic animals.
FORB - Any non-woody plant other than grass.
FOREST PRACTICE ACT and RULES - Division 4, Section 8, of the Public Resources Code that declares the policy of the state to encourage prudent and responsible forest management; a set of laws that dictate limitations to forest management in California. Authorized by the Z'Berg - Nejedly Forest Practice Act of 1973.
FOREST STEWARDSHIP PLAN - A written document listing management objectives, resources to consider, and activities that enhance or improve forest resources (wildlife, timber, soil, water, recreation, and esthetics) on private land.
FOREST STEWARDSHIP PROGRAM - A national and state cooperative, technical-assistance program designed to encourage multiple resource management on private forest land. Emphasis is placed on preharvest planning to enhance and protect forest resources. Authorized under the 1990 Farm Bill, the program is based on national guidelines but is implemented by individual states.
FOREST TYPE - Groups of tree species commonly growing in the same stand because their environmental requirements are similar. California forest types include Sierra Nevada mixed conifer, true fir, coast redwood, ponderosa pine.
FORESTRY - The science, art, and practice of managing and using trees, forests, and their associated resources for human benefit.
GIRDLING - A physical cutting or disruption of the inner bark which transports water and nutrients within a tree. Girdling by humans, animals, or insects can often kill a tree.
GROUP SELECTION - A forest regeneration technique where small patches (less than 2.5 acres) are cleared and regenerated by natural seeding or planting.
HABITAT - The environment in which an organism exists. The specific combination of food, cover, and water necessary to accommodate an organism. An area in which a specific plant or animal can successfully live, grow, and reproduce.
HARDWOODS - Trees with broad, flat leaves as opposed to coniferous or needled trees. Wood hardness varies among the hardwood species, and some are actually softer than some softwoods.
HARVEST VALUE SCHEDULES - Assessed value of trees published by the State Board of Equalization and used to determine yield taxes.
HEIGHT - Either merchantable or total is the distance from the ground to the top of the tree. In measuring total height the distance is measured usually in feet from the base to the highest point of the tree. In measuring merchantable height the distance is measured from the ground to a specified minimum top diameter. Merchantable height is expressed in terms of feet or number of logs of a specified length which includes a trim allowance.
HERB - plants with little or no wood above ground.
HIDING COVER - A component of habitat that provides animals with shelter from predators.
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE - The cyclical movement of water from the ocean to the atmosphere, to the land, and returning to the ocean.
HIGH-GRADING - A harvesting technique that removes only the biggest and most valuable trees from a stand and provides high current returns at the expense of future growth potential and often wildlife habitat. Poor quality, shade-loving trees come to dominate in these continually high-graded sites.
HUMBOLDT BASELINE and MERIDIAN (HBM) - An initial point in the Public Land Survey that establishes the township and range location of a parcel of land. Legal descriptions of property are based on the distance from this or another meridian and baseline.
IMPROVEMENT CUT - An intermediate harvest made to improve the form, quality, health, or wildlife potential of the forest.
INCENTIVE - An enticement to improve forest management. Incentives include reimbursement of some expenses but can also take the form of an abatement of property or income tax
INCREMENT BORER - A device used to drill into a tree and extract a core in order to count the rings and determine the age and growth of the tree.
INTEREST - Generally expressed as a percentage, interest represents the time value of money.
INTERMEDIATE - Trees shorter than dominants or codominants (see) with crowns either below or extending into the lower levels of the crown cover, receiving little direct light from above and almost none from the sides (see crown classes).
INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN (IRR) - The interest rate an investment earns when the present value of all costs equals the present value of all returns That is, the Present Net Worth is equal to 0.
JOINT TENANCY - Two or more people holding equal title to property.
J-ROOT - An improperly planted seedling that takes a J-shaped configuration in the planting hole. Such seedlings often die prematurely, grow poorly, and are susceptible to wind throw.
KERF - The width of the saw blade that cuts lumber from logs.
LAND EXPECTATION VALUE - A Present Net Worth that represents the amount an investor could pay for bare land for a forestry investment.
LANDING - A gathering, storage and truck loading area for logs during a logging operation.
LEGAL DESCRIPTION - Technical description of property boundaries found on a deed.
LEGUMES - Plants in the pea that produce organic nitrogen from nitrogen gas in the air.
LIEN- Legal restriction on a property’s title. A mortgage is a lien against a property where the lien holder is paid if the property is sold.
LIMITING FACTOR - The resource in the shortest supply in an ecosystem.
LOG - A piece of the woody portion of the tree. Also to harvest an area.
LOG RULE or LOG SCALE - A timber volume estimation system based on a diagram or mathematical formula used to estimate volume or product yield from logs and trees. Scribner Decimal C is used in California.
LUMP SUM SALE - The sale of specified timber on a specified area. The volume may or may not be estimated and advertised. The buyer is responsible for determining correct volume. The seller guarantees ownership and boundaries.
MARKETING - The selling of timber or other forest resources. Successful sellers seek a satisfactory price through competition, skillful negotiation, knowledge of timber markets, and the aid of a competent broker or consultant.
MARKING - The physical process of selecting trees and identifying to be cut or left during a harvest–usually a painted band around.
MAST - Fruits or nuts used as a food source by wildlife.
MATURE TREE - A tree that has reached a desired size or age for its intended use. Size, age, or economic maturity varies depending on the species and intended use.
MBF - Abbreviation denoting 1,000 board feet. MBF is a typical unit of trade for dimension lumber and sawtimber stumpage (see Board Foot).
MENSURATION - The measurement and calculation of volume, growth, and development of individual trees or stands and their timber products.
MERCHANTABLE - Able to be sold - usually the minimum dimensions that a log must be to be acceptable to a mill.
MERCHANTABLE HEIGHT - The stem length, normally measured from the ground to a 10-, 6-, or 4-inch diameter top, above which no other saleable product can be cut. Diameter, local markets, limbs, knots, and other defects collectively influence merchantable height. Sometimes estimated in terms of of 16-foot logs.
MIXED STAND - A timber stand in which less than 80 percent of the trees in the main canopy are of a single species.
MOUNT DIABLO BASELINE and MERIDIAN (MDMB) - An initial point in the Public Land Survey that establishes the township and range location of a parcel of land. Legal descriptions of property are based on the distance from this or another meridian and baseline.
MULTIPLE USE - The management of land or forest for more than one purpose, such as wood production, water quality, wildlife, recreation, esthetics, and clean air. A management objective of the National Forests.
NATIONAL FOREST - Federally owned forest land managed by the US Forest Service.
NATURAL REGENERATION - A stand of trees grown from natural seed fall or sprouting.
NIPF - Non-Industrial Private Forest (see).
NON-INDUSTRIAL PRIVATE FOREST - Forested land owned by private owners not a part of the timber industry.
NUTRIENT CYCLING - The movement of nutrients through an ecosystem.
NUTRIENTS - Elements necessary for plant growth and reproduction. Primary plant nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium which are supplied by the soil.
OLD-GROWTH - Trees that have been growing for such a long time that
net growth or value is often declining.
OVERSTOCKED - Having too many
trees to meet a management objective (see stocking).
OVERTOPPED - Trees entirely
below the general level of the crown cover, receiving no direct light
from above or the sides (see crown classes). Syn. -
suppressed.
PARTNERSHIP - Legal form of ownership where the percentage of ownership is stated and not necessarily equal.
PERENNIAL - Plants that live or grow for more than one year.
PERIOD - The amount of time over which an investment is made.
PEST - Any organism that is out of place or causes stress to a desired organism.
PESTICIDE - Any chemical used to kill or control pests.
PHOSPHATE - A chemical compound that is important to root growth and is essential in energy transfer.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS - The biochemical process by which plants manufacture food from light energy, water, carbon dioxide and nutrients.
POLES or POLE TIMBER - Trees from 5 to 7 inches in diameter at breast height.
PREDATOR - An animal that preys on and devours other animals. Spotted owls prey on rodents, and mountain lions prey on deer.
PRESCRIBED FIRE - The use of fire under specific environmental conditions to achieve forest management objectives. Used to reduce hazardous fuel levels, control unwanted vegetation, favor desired vegetation, and improve visibility and wildlife habitat.
PRESENT NET WORTH (PNW) - A comparison of revenues and costs now and in the future. Present Net Worth is used to evaluate investment. Also known as Net Present Value, Net Present Worth, and others.
PRESERVATION - An attempt to keep forests in an undisturbed state through the control of internal and external influences.
PRINCIPAL - The initial amount of money invested.
PRINCIPAL MERIDIAN - A north-south running line that establishes the Public Land Survey. Townships Range East or West of a Principal Meridian.
PULPWOOD - Wood used in the manufacture of paper, fiberboard, or other wood fiber products. Currently there are poorly developed pulpwood markets in California.
PURE STAND - A timber stand in which at least 80 percent of the trees in the main crown canopy are of a single species.
RANGE- Number of townships east or west of a principal meridian.
RAPTOR - A bird of prey such as an owl, hawk, osprey, or eagle.
REFORESTATION - Re-establishing a forest by planting or seeding an area from which forest vegetation has been removed.
REGENERATION - A cutting strategy in which old trees are removed while favorable environmental conditions are maintained for the establishment of a new stand of seedlings.
REGISTERED PROFESSIONAL FORESTER (RPF) - A person, licensed by the state of California, to practice forestry. Requires 7 years of education and experience to qualify for the exam.
RESIDUAL STAND - Trees left in a stand after a thinning or partial harvest. to grow until the next harvest.
RIGHT-OF-WAY - Legal right of passage over another person's property. The land used by a public utility for roads, power lines, or pipelines.
ROOT COLLAR - The transition zone between stem and root at the ground line of a tree or seedling.
ROTATION - The number of years required to establish and grow trees to a specified size, product, or condition of maturity in an even-aged management system.
SALE by UNIT - A timber sales arrangement in which the buyer pays for forest products removed in units (measured in cords, MBF, or units of weight). Determination of units removed from the area is verified by mill tally, scale tickets, and buyer's or seller's tally.
SALVAGE CUT - The harvesting of dead or damaged trees or of trees in danger of being killed by insects, disease, flooding, or other factors in order to capture their economic value before they decay.
SAPLING - A small tree, usually between 2 and 4 inches diameter at breast height.
SAN BERNARDINO BASELINE and MERIDIAN (SBBM) - An initial point in the Public Land Survey that establishes the township and range location of a parcel of land. Legal descriptions of property are based on the distance from this or another meridian and baseline.
SANITATION - Removal of disease or insect infested trees to prevent spread of pathogens to healthy trees.
SAW LOG or SAWTIMBER - A log or tree that is large enough (usually 10 to 12 inches in diameter) to be sawed into lumber. Minimum log length is typically 8 feet.
SCALING - Determining the volume of wood in a log, group of logs, or a tree.
SCARIFYING - For soil: The disturbance of the topsoil and litter layer of an area for site preparation prior to seeding or planting to reduce weed competition. For seed: The abrasion or weakening of the seed coat to encourage germination.
SECTION- A nominal 1 square mile (640 acres) of land identified by its township, and section numbers. One of 36 sections in a township.
SEDIMENTATION - The deposition or settling of soil particles suspended in water.
SEEDLING - A tree, usually less than 2 inches diameter at breast height, that has grown from a seed rather than from a sprout.
SEED TREE CUT - A harvesting method in which a few scattered trees are left in the area to provide seed for a new forest stand. Selection of seed trees should be based upon growth rate, form, seeding ability, wind firmness, and future marketability. This harvesting method produces an even-aged forest.
SELECTION CUTTING - The periodic removal of individual trees to improve a forest and establish regeneration.
SHADE-INTOLERANT - Plants that cannot thrive in the shade of other plants.
SHELTER WOOD CUT - Removing trees on the harvest area in a series of two or more cuttings, so new seedlings can grow in the shelter of older trees. This method produces an even-aged forest.
SILVICULTURE - The art, science, and practice of establishing, tending, and reproducing forest stands of desired characteristics. It is based on knowledge of species characteristics and environmental requirements. Silvics - ecology (see) as it relates to forested ecosystems.
STEWARDSHIP INCENTIVE PROGRAM (SIP) - A federal cost-sharing program available to forest landowners who have a multi resource forest stewardship plan. Cost-share practices include the enhancement of forest recreation, fisheries, wildlife, and timber production and the protection of soil and water, wetlands, riparian zones, and rare and endangered species.
SITE INDEX - A relative measure of forest site quality based on the height (in feet) of the dominant trees at a specific age, usually 50 years. Site index information helps estimate future returns and land productivity for timber and wildlife.
SITE PREPARATION - Preparing land for planting, direct seeding, or natural reproduction by burning, chemical vegetation control, or by mechanical operations such as disking, bedding, scarifying, windrowing, or raking.
SKID - To pull logs from the stump to a landing.
SKIDDER - Machine used to pull logs from the stump to a landing, either rubber tired or steel tracked.
SKID TRAIL - Path used by a skidder to pull logs from the stump to a landing or road
SLASH - Tree tops, branches, bark, or other residue left on the ground after logging or other forestry operations.
SLOPE - A measure of how steep the landscape is, usually expressed in degrees or as a percentage.
SNAG - A dead (or almost dead) standing tree that usually has wildlife value.
SOFTWOOD (CONIFER) - A tree belonging to the Order Coniferales. Softwood trees are usually evergreen, bear cones, and have needles or scale-like leaves. They include pine, spruces, firs, and cedars.
SOIL TEXTURE - The composition of the soil (sand, silt, or clay) as determined by the size of the soil particles.
SOIL TYPE - Soils that are alike in all characteristics, including texture of the topsoil. Soil maps and information on site index, erodibility, and other limiting properties are available from local Natural Resources Conservation Service offices.
SPECIES - A group of similar organisms having common characteristics capable of interbreeding.
STAND - A group of trees (or other vegetation) uniform in species composition and/or age characteristics (though not necessarily the same age). All trees in a stand are usually treated similarly in forest management practices.
STOCKING - A description of the number of trees, basal area, or volume per acre in a forest stand compared with a desired level for balanced health and growth. Most often used in comparative expressions, such as well-stocked, poorly stocked, or overstocked.
STUMPAGE - The value or volume of a tree or group of trees as they stand uncut in the woods. The value that these trees represent to the landowners after all other harvesting costs are considered.
SUCCESSION - The orderly and predictable replacement of one plant community by another through time.
SUPPRESSED - Trees entirely below the general level of the crown cover, receiving no direct light from above or the sides (see crown classes). Syn. - overtopped.
SUSTAINED YIELD - Management of forest land to produce a relatively constant amount of wood products, revenue, or wildlife. The yield of wood, revenue or wildlife that a forest can produce continuously at a given level of management.
THERMAL COVER - a component of habitat that reduces seasonal and daily temperature fluctuations, especially important for larger animals.
THINNING - A tree removal practice that reduces tree density and competition between trees in a stand. Thinning concentrates growth on fewer, high-quality trees, provides periodic income, and generally enhances tree vigor. Heavy thinning can benefit wildlife through the increased growth of ground vegetation. If done before any of the material cut can be sold, the thinning is precommercial. If material from the operation can be sold, then it is a commercial thinning.
THREATENED SPECIES - A threatened species exhibits declining or dangerously low populations but still has enough members to maintain or increase numbers (see Endangered Species).
TIMBER HARVEST PLAN (THP) - An environmental review document required by the California Forest Practices Act, laying out the conditions of a logging operation.
TIMBERLAND PRODUCTION ZONE (TPZ) - A zoning designation reserving areas for the production of timber and compatible uses (formerly Timberland Preserve Zone). Criteria for TPZ designation vary by county. TPZ has property tax implications.
TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT (TSI) - Improving the quality of a forest stand by removing or killing undesirable species to achieve desired stocking and species composition. TSI practices include applying herbicides, burning, girdling, or cutting.
TITLE - Legal ownership of property.
TOLERANCE - The ability of a species to survive under certain adverse conditions. With trees this is generally thought of as shade tolerant, the ability of a tree to survive in low light conditions. Also drought tolerance, the ability to withstand drought.
TOPOGRAPHIC (TOPO) MAP - A depiction of the earth's surface that includes reference to elevation, usually by means of contour lines.
TOWNSHIP - A legal division of land in the Public Land Survey of 36 square miles. Also the number of tiers North or South from a Base Meridian written as T8N. This would mean that the property is 8 tiers or townships north of a specified base meridian
TRANSPLANT - A seedling lifted from a seed bed and replanted at a lower density to crate better root development.
TREE SPACING - The distance between trees, which is most often determined at the time of planting or during a harvest or thinning operation. Spacing, like stand density, affects understory vegetation, seed production, growth rate, and wildlife habitat.
TRUST - an interest in property held by one person for the benefit of another.
TYPE or FOREST TYPE - A field-identifiable grouping of tree species.
UNEVEN-AGED - A forest stand consisting of many age classes, usually at least 3 age classes must be represented, with ages differing by at least 20 years.
UNDERSTOCKED - Having insufficient trees to meet a desired management objective (see stocking).
UNDERSTORY - The layer formed by grasses, shrubs, and small trees under the canopy of larger trees and plants.
USDA - United States Department of Agriculture.
USFS - United States Forest Service, an agency of the US Department of Agriculture charged with managing the National Forests.
VOLUME TABLE - A table estimating the volume in a standing tree, usually based on DBH and height.
WATER BAR - A diagonal ditch or speed bump in a road or skid trail that diverts surface water runoff to a stable area to reduce soil erosion from the road.
WILDLIFE - A broad term that includes nondomesticated vertebrates, especially mammals, birds, and fish.
WINDROW - A long, narrow row of vegetation, debris, and some soil created during site preparation and clearing operations.
WIND THROW - Trees uprooted by strong wind. Shallow-rooted trees are almost always affected.
WITCHES BROOM- Wild erratic growth at the ends of branches usually caused by a disease.
WOLF TREE - A tree with large branches and a spreading crown occupying more space in the forest than its economic value justifies. Wolf trees may have wildlife or esthetic value.
YARD - To move logs from the stump to the landing by means of a yarder or skidder.
YARDER - Machine used for suspending logs from a steel cable.
YIELD TAX - A state tax paid based on the amount of timber removed from the property.
In accordance with applicable State and Federal laws and University policy, the University of California does not discriminate in any of its policies, procedures, or practices on the basis of race, religion, color, national origin, sex, marital status, sexual orientation, age, veteran status, medical condition, or handicap. Inquiries regarding this policy may be directed to the Affirmative Action Director, University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, 300 Lakeside Drive, 6th Floor, Oakland, CA 94612-3560. (510) 987-0096.
Publication of this series was in part funded by the
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
under Contract numbers 8CA96027 and 8CA96028