chrysophylla (Fabaceae) seedpods on Mauna Kea, Hawaii.
et al., 2005). Click on image to enlarge.
|
|
| Cydia
plicata (Walsingham,
1907) reared from Sophora chrysophylla (Fabaceae) seedpods on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. |
Relationships
of Tortricidae found in Hawaii (following Brown et al., 2005). Click on image to enlarge. |
The family Tortricidae is considered a monopyletic group (ie. all species share a common ancestor not shared with species in other families) of "microlepidoptera" (or small moths). Likewise, the three subfamilies of Tortricidae (Tortricinae, Olethreutinae, Chlidanotinae) are considered monophyletic by most workers, although the relationships among these three continue to be debated.
In many parts of the world, some species of Tortricidae are considered pests of agriculture (eg. Codling moth, Cydia pomonella, in apples & walnuts) and forestry (eg. Spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana).
In Hawaii, at least 86 species are known to occur. Of these, 74 are considered endemic and 11 are alien, including 5 species purposefully introduced to control pest plants (Nishida, 2004). Many more endemic species likely occur, while some species appear to have gone extinct. Some species appear to be endemic to a particular island while others can be found commonly throughout the island chain.
Tortricids are recognized by thier ... (under construction)