• First in time, first in right.
• Beneficial use; diversion for irrigation.
• Senior appropriator gets first right; junior appropriator second, even if upstream from senior; drought driven.
• If senior adds land and wants more water, gets a new appropriation date for the new land; gets extra water later.
• Appropriators can sell water among themselves; quantified for specific use.

• Lux vs. Haggin, 1879 court case; appealed 1886: ranching vs. farming.
• Henry Miller and Charles Lux, ranching partners, claim Kern River water under common law riparian rights by 1850 state constitution; move cattle to water.
• Ben Ali Haggin, farmer, claims upstream river water on basis of prior appropriation; moves water to crops.

• State Supreme Court ruling, 1886.
• Riparian rights prevail on private lands.
• Appropriation (use date) prevails over riparian (purchase date) if appropriator is first user.
• Both riparian and appropriation are valid; timing of acquisition determines which prevails in event of conflict.
• Miller and Haggin build dam together.
• Cal. doctrine spreads to 8 western states.

• Hydraulic society: local subsistence mode (Hohokam); agrarian state mode (Egypt, China); capitalist state mode (California and western U.S.).
• Capitalist agriculture + government funding + engineering ₌ capitalist state mode.
• Science and technology as means of dominating nature; Frankfurt School.
• Instrumental reason: serves means not ends; money not morals; profit not social good.

• Hydraulic society
• Power of capitalist mode; domination
• Instrumentalism
• Determinism
• Critical history
• Ecocatastrophe
• Nature as limits; grounding; teacher

• Dams as problem
• Power of engineers, bureaucrats
• Individual actors
• Possiblism; choices
• Moralistic history
• Brink of catastrophe
• No ecological foundation

• Federal Reclamation Project, 1902 Reclamation Act.
• 1. Shasta Dam
• 3. Tehama-Colusa Canal
• 4. Folsom Dam
• 6. New Melones Dam
• 7. Friant Dam
• 8. Delta-Mendota Canal
• 9. San Luis Canal
• 10. Friant-Kern Canal

• Friant-Kern Canal; 160 acre limitation.

• 1960, approved by voters.
• Built 1962-1973.
• Oroville Dam; Feather River.
• San Luis reservoir.
• California Aqueduct.
• DWP; L.A. MWD.
• No acreage limitation.

• 1904: L.A. ex-mayor Fred Eaton buys up land in Owens Valley.
• 1913: 233 mile aqueduct from Owens Valley across Mojave Desert to L.A. is completed. 
• William Mulholland, City Water Chief of L.A.: "There it is; take it."

12. Hoover Dam Powerhouse

• Flood control and electric power generation.

• Blackfeet Indian reservation, Montana.
• Not enough water for reservation.
• U.S. Supreme Court: Winters vs. U.S.
• Indians are senior appropriators; date of establishment of reservation (1850s-80s) determines water date.
• Get as much water as needed to fulfill purpose of reservation; don’t lose water.
• Western states want this water; conflicts.

• Population growth fosters manufacturing and need for energy.
• Human muscle and animal power.
• Wind power. Windmills.
• Water power. Dams, milldams, waterwheels, gristmills, textile mills.

• Fossilized plant life supplies coal and oil.
• Coal mines in Pennsylvania, Appalachians, Rockies.
• Coal fuels stationary steam engine and urban manufacturing and transportation.

• Coal fuels iron industry. Locomotives, bridges, large scale machinery.
• 1870s. Henry Bessemer's converter allows high grade steel production.
• Mid-west coal and iron ore produces high grade steel.

• 1859. Samuel Drake strikes oil at Oil Creek, PA.
• Oil initially used for lamps, street lights, and lubricants in manufacturing.
• Oil strikes in Texas, Oklahoma, and California at turn of century.
• Fuel oil competes with coal in furnaces, ships, locomotives, and factories.
• Natural gas and gasoline for automobiles.

• Electrical energy from hydropower.
• Paleotechnic age of coal to neotechnic age of electricity. Lewis Mumford.
• Electrical energy easily transported over transmission lines, whereas coal and oil were transported physically from mine and well to user.
• Thomas Edison invents electric light bulb for streets and homes.
• Industries and electric streetcars thrive on electrical applications.

• Post-World War II hopes for peaceful atom.
• Nuclear disasters at Three Mile Island, PA Chernobyl, Russia.
• Leaking containers of spent uranium fuel rods.
• Concerns over Yucca Mountain Nevada Nuclear Waste Storage Facility.

• The Population Bomb, 1968.
• "Ecocatastrophe," 1969.
• The Population Explosion, 1990, coauthor, Anne Ehrlich.

22. World Population Growth

23. Population Growth Rates

24. Questions for Discussion

• Is there a way to think about water that is not "instrumental" and considers the needs of non-human organisms?
• How should energy best be conserved? Does it matter?
• How can we deal with population growth without racism?